Hovedbudskap
Ved utvikling av hormonresistent prostatakreft bør pasienten henvises til spesialist
Strålebehandling mot smertefulle skjelettmetastaser kan gi symptomlindring hos 40 – 80 %
Kjemoterapi med docetaxel 75mg/m² hver tredje uke bør vurderes pga. mulighet for livsforlengelse
Bisfosfonat (zoledronsyre) kan redusere skjelettrelaterte komplikasjoner
Svulsten kan fortsatt være følsom for sekundær hormonbehandling
Palliativ kirurgi kan være et behandlingsalternativ
- 1.
Harvei S, Tretli S, Langmark F. Cancer of the prostate in Norway 1957 – 1991 – a descriptive study. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32: 111 – 7.
- 2.
Cancer in Norway 2003. Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research. www.kreftregisteret.no (19.9.2006).
- 3.
Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA et al. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA 1999; 281: 1591 – 7.
- 4.
Fosså SD, Lilleby W, Wæhre H et al. Definitive radiotherapy of prostate cancer: the possible role of staging lymphadenectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57: 33 – 41.
- 5.
Schroder FH, Kurth KH, Fossa SD et al. Early versus delayed endocrine treatment of pN1 – 3 M0 prostate cancer without local treatment of the primary tumor: results of European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer 30846 – a phase III study. J Urol 2004; 172: 923 – 7.
- 6.
Loblaw DA, Mendelson DS, Talcott JA et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for the initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2927 – 41.
- 7.
Yri OE, Bjoro T, Fossa SD. Failure to achieve castration levels in patients using leuprolide acetate in locally advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2006; 49: 54 – 8.
- 8.
Taylor CD, Elson P, Trump DL. Importance of continued testicular suppression in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2167 – 72.
- 9.
Otnes B, Harvei S, Fosså SD. The burden of prostate cancer from diagnosis until death. Br J Urol 1995; 76: 587 – 94.
- 10.
Fosså SD, Dearnaley DP, Law M et al. Prognostic factors in hormone-resistant progressing cancer of the prostate. Ann Oncol 1992; 3: 361 – 6.
- 11.
Scher HI, Kelly WK. Flutamide withdrawal syndrome: its impact on clinical trials in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1566 – 72.
- 12.
Fosså SD, Slee PH, Brausi M et al. Flutamide versus prednisone in patients with prostate cancer symptomatically progressing after androgen-ablative therapy: a phase III study of the European organization for research and treatment of cancer genitourinary group. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 62 – 71.
- 13.
Oh WK, Kantoff PW, Weinberg V et al. Prospective, multicenter, randomized phase II trial of the herbal supplement, PC-SPES, and diethylstilbestrol in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 3705 – 12.
- 14.
Statens legemiddelverk. Behandling av prostatakreft. Terapianbefalinger. Nytt om legemidler 2004; nr. 4: 14 – 21.
- 15.
Aass N, Fosså SD. Pre- and post-treatment daily life function in patients with hormone resistant prostate carcinoma treated with radiotherapy for spinal cord compression. Radiother Oncol 2005; 74: 259 – 65.
- 16.
Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 643 – 8.
- 17.
Hernes E, Fosså SD, Skovlund E. Androgen-independent prostate cancer – the clinical problem of a growing pelvic tumour. Acta Oncol 2003; 42: 749 – 55.
- 18.
Brynjulf Otnes. Innføring i urologi. Trondheim: Chirurgia Monor/Tapir, 2001.
- 19.
SINTEF Unimed. Bruk av palliativ kirurgi i behandlingen av kreftpasienter. SMM-rapport nr. 8, 2003.
- 20.
Porter AT, McEwan AJ, Powe JE et al. Results of a randomized phase-III trial to evaluate the efficacy of strontium-89 adjuvant to local field external beam irradiation in the management of endocrine resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 25: 805 – 13.
- 21.
Smeland S, Erikstein B, Aas M et al. Role of strontium-89 as adjuvant to palliative external beam radiotherapy is questionable: results of a double-blind randomized study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 56: 1397 – 404.
- 22.
Brændengen M, Bruland OS, Olsen DR. Strålebehandling av skjelettmetastaser Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2000; 120: 1870 – 4.
- 23.
Yagoda A, Petrylak D. Cytotoxic chemotherapy for advanced hormone-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer 1993; 71: 1098 – 109.
- 24.
Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1756 – 64.
- 25.
Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1502 – 12.
- 26.
Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1513 – 20.
- 27.
Strother JM, Beer TM, Dreicer R. Novel cytotoxic and biological agents for prostate cancer: where will the money be in 2005? Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 954 – 64.
- 28.
Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 1458 – 68.
- 29.
Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M et al. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63: 1567 – 75.
- 30.
Graham J. Chemotherapy for metastatic disease: current status. Clin Oncol 2005; 17: 572 – 8.
- 31.
Tolcher AW, Chi K, Kuhn J et al. A phase II, pharmacokinetic, and biological correlative study of oblimersen sodium and docetaxel in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 3854 – 61.
- 32.
Schellhammer PF, Hershberg RM. Immunotherapy with autologous antigen presenting cells for the treatment of androgen independent prostate cancer. World J Urol 2005; 23: 47 – 9.
- 33.
Mu LJ, Kyte JA, Kvalheim G et al. Immunotherapy with allotumour mRNA-transfected dendritic cells in androgen-resistant prostate cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 749 – 56.
- 34.
Beer TM. ASCENT: the androgen-independent prostate cancer study of calcitriol enhancing taxotere. BJU Int 2005; 96: 508 – 13.
- 35.
Chan JM, Elkin EP, Silva SJ et al. Total and specific complementary and alternative medicine use in a large cohort of men with prostate cancer. Urology 2005; 66: 1223 – 8.
- 36.
Fag og forskning, Handlingsprogrammer og veiledere. www.kreftsaken.no (19.9.2006).