- 1.
US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking. Nicotine addiction. A Report of the Surgeon General. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88 – 8406. Washington D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services, 1988.
- 2.
Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine addiction in Britain. A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 2000.
- 3.
US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Smoking and health. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 1103. Washington D.C.: Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1964.
- 4.
Evang K. Sigarettrøyking og helse. En redegjørelse fra helsedirektøren. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1964; 84: 300 – 4.
- 5.
St.meld. nr. 62 (1968 – 69). Om påvirkning av røykevaner.
- 6.
US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Smoking and health: a report of the Surgeon General. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79 – 50066. Washington D.C.: Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1979.
- 7.
Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes DE, Glantz SA. Nicotine and addiction. The Brown and Williamson documents. J Amer Med Assoc 1995; 274: 225 – 33.
- 8.
Henningfield JE. Nicotine medications for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1196 – 203.
- 9.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4. utg. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1995.
- 10.
Clarke PBS, Corrigall WA, Ferrence RG, Friedland ML, Kalant H, Kozlowski LT. Tobacco, nicotine, and addiction. Ottawa, Ontario: Royal Society of Canada, 1989.
- 11.
Breese CR, Marks MJ, Logel J, Adams CE, Sullivan B, Collins AC et al. Effect of smoking history on [³H]nicotine binding in human postmortem brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 282: 7 – 13.
- 12.
Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction 2001; 96: 103 – 14.
- 13.
Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nature Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 119 – 28.
- 14.
Pandey SC, Roy A, Xu T, Mittal N. Effects of protracted nicotine exposure and withdrawal on the expression and phosphorylation of the CREB gene transcription factor in rat brain. J Neurochem 2001; 77: 943 – 52.
- 15.
Balfour DJK, Fagerström KO. Pharmacology of nicotine and its therapeutic use in smoking cessation and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther 1996; 72: 51 – 81.
- 16.
O’Brien CP. Drug addiction and drug abuse. I: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, Ruddon RW, Gilman AG, red. Goodman & Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996: 557 – 80.
- 17.
McNeil AD, Jarvis MJ, Stapleton JA, West RJ, Bryant A. Nicotine intake in young smokers: longitudinal study of saliva cotinine concentrations. Am J Public Health 1989; 79: 172 – 5.
- 18.
DiFranza JR, Rigotti NA, McNeill AD, Ockene JK, Savageau JA, St Cyr D et al. Initial symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents. Tob Control 2000; 9: 313 – 9.
- 19.
McGue M, Elkins I, Iacono WG. Genetic and environmental influences on adolescent substance use and abuse. Am J Med Genet 2000; 96: 671 – 7.
- 20.
Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R et al. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 1996; 379: 733 – 6.
- 21.
Sabol SZ, Nelson ML, Fisher C, Gunzerath L, Brody CL, Hu S et al. A genetic association for cigarette smoking behavior. Health Psychol 1999; 18: 7 – 13.
- 22.
Spitz MR, Shi H, Yang F, Hudmon KS, Jiang H, Chamberlain RM et al. Case-control study of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and smoking status in lung cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 358 – 63.
- 23.
Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Edenberg HJ, Goate A, Foroud T, Cloninger CR et al. Family-based study of the association of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) with habitual smoking. Am J Med Genet 2000; 90: 299 – 302.
- 24.
Pianezza ML, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF. Nicotine metabolism defect reduces smoking. Nature 1998; 393: 750.
- 25.
Henningfield JE, Cohen C, Slade JD. Is nicotine more addictive than cocaine? Br J Addict 1991; 86: 565 – 9.
()
Denne artikkelen ble publisert for mer enn 12 måneder siden, og vi har derfor stengt for nye kommentarer.