- 1.
Løvik M. Beskyttar infeksjonar mot utvikling av allergi? Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1997; 117: 688 – 90.
- 2.
Holen E, Elsayed S. Hvorfor øker hyppigheten av allergi i industrialiserte land mer enn i utviklingsland? Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1999; 119: 3176 – 7.
- 3.
Burr ML, Butland BK, King S, Vaughan-Williams E. Changes in asthma prevalence: two surveys 15 years apart. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 1452 – 6.
- 4.
Åberg N, Hesselmar B, Åberg B, Eriksson B. Increase of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in Swedish schoolchildren between 1979 and 1991. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 815 – 9.
- 5.
Ninan TK, Russell G. Respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen schoolchildren: evidence from two surveys 25 years apart. BMJ 1992; 304: 873 – 5.
- 6.
Strachan D, Sibbald B, Weiland S, Ait-Khaled N, Anabwani G, Anderson HR et al. Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1997; 8: 161 – 76.
- 7.
Björkstén B, Dumitrascu D, Foucard T, Khetsuriani N, Khaitov R, Leja M et al. Prevalence of childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. Eur Resp J 1998; 12: 432 – 7.
- 8.
von Mutius E, Weiland SK, Fritzsch C, Duhme H, Keil U. Increasing prevalence of hay fever and atopy among children in Leipzig, East Germany. Lancet 1998; 351: 862 – 6.
- 9.
Morrison-Smith J, Cooper S. Asthma and atopic disease in immigrants from Asia and the West Indies. Postgrad Med J 1981; 57: 774 – 6.
- 10.
Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989; 299: 1259 – 60.
- 11.
Hesselmar B, Åberg N, Åberg B, Eriksson B, Björkstén B. Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development? Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 611 – 7.
- 12.
von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Reitmeir P, Thiemann HH. Skin test reactivity and number of siblings. BMJ 1994; 308: 692 – 5.
- 13.
Strachan DP, Harkins LS, Golding J. Sibship size and self-reported inhalant allergy among adult women. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27: 151 – 5.
- 14.
Braun-Fahrländer C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS et al. Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer"s children and their peers living in the same rural community. SCARPOL team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 28 – 34.
- 15.
Shaheen SO, Aaby P, Hall AJ, Barker DJ, Heyes CB, Shiell AW et al. Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau. Lancet 1996; 347: 1792 – 6.
- 16.
Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shimazu S, Hopkin JM. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 1997; 275: 77 – 9.
- 17.
Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L, Nisini R, Rapicetta M, Chionne P et al. Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus. BMJ 1997; 314: 999 – 1003.
- 18.
Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Taussig LM. Child day care, smoking by caregivers, and lower respiratory tract illness in the first 3 years of life. Pediatrics 1993; 91: 885 – 92.
- 19.
Farooqui IS, Hopkin JM. Early childhood infection and atopic disorder. Thorax 1998; 53: 927 – 32.
- 20.
Carlsen KH, Ørstavik I, Leegaard J, Höeg H. Respiratory virus infections and aeroallergens in acute bronchial asthma. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 310 – 5.
- 21.
Brandtzaeg P, Berstad AE, Farstad IN, Haraldsen G, Helgeland L, Jahnsen FL et al. Mucosal immunity – a major adaptive defence mechanism. Behring Inst Mitt 1997; 98: 1 – 23.
- 22.
Brandtzaeg P, Baekkevold ES, Farstad IN, Jahnsen FL, Johansen F-E, Nilsen EM et al. Regional specialization in the mucosal immune system: what happens in the microcompartments? Immunol Today 1999; 20: 141 – 51.
- 23.
Brandtzaeg P, Farstad IN, Johansen F-E, Morton CH, Norderhaug IN, Yamanaki T. The B-cell system of human mucosae and exocrine glands. Immunol Rev 1999; 171: 45 – 87.
- 24.
Rugtveit J, Bakka A, Brandtzaeg P. Differential distribution of B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) costimulatory molecules on mucosal macrophage subsets in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110: 104 – 13.
- 25.
Abbas AK, Murphy KM, Sher A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 1996; 383: 787 – 93.
- 26.
Del Prete G, Maggi E, Parronchi P, Chretien I, Tiri A, Macchia D et al. IL-4 is an essential factor for the IgE synthesis induced in vitro by human T cell clones and their supernatants. J Immunol 1988; 140: 4193 – 8.
- 27.
Prescott S, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt PG, Sly PD. Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children. Lancet 1999; 353: 196 – 200.
- 28.
Yabuhara A, Macaubas C, Prescott SL, Venaille TJ, Holt BJ, Habre W et al. Th2-polarized immunological memory to inhalant allergens in atopics is established during infancy and early childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27: 1261 – 9.
- 29.
Holt PG. Postnatal maturation of immune competence during infancy and childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1995; 6: 59 – 70.
- 30.
Moffatt MF, Cookson OCM. Genetics of asthma and inflammation: the status. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11: 606 – 9.
- 31.
von Mutius E, Fritzsch C, Weiland SK, Roll G, Magnussen H. Prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders among children in united Germany: a descriptive comparison. BMJ 1992; 305: 1395 – 9.
- 32.
Sudo N, Sawamura S, Tanaka K, Aiba Y, Kubo C, Koga Y. The requirement of intestinal bacterial flora for the development of an IgE production system fully susceptible to oral tolerance induction. J Immunol 1997; 159: 1739 – 45.
- 33.
Sepp E, Julge K, Vasar M, Naaber P, Björkstén B, Mikelsaar M. Intestinal microflora of Estonian and Swedish infants. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 956 – 61.
- 34.
Björkstén B, Naaber P, Sepp E, Mikelsaar M. The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 342 – 6.
- 35.
D"Elios MM, Manghetti M, De Carli M, Costa F, Baldari CT, Burroni D et al. T helper 1 effector cells specific for Helicobacter pylori in the gastric antrum of patients with peptic ulcer disease. J Immunol 1997; 158: 962 – 7.
- 36.
Baldini M, Lohman IC, Halonen M, Erickson RP, Holt PG, Martinez FD. A polymorphism in the 5" flanking region of the CD14 gene is associated with circulating soluble CD14 levels and with total serum immunoglobulin E. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 976 – 83.
- 37.
Berstad AE, Rugtveit J, Brandtzaeg P. Upregulated mononuclear cell expression of lipopolysaccharide receptor (CD14) and high affinity IgG (Fc γ I)-receptor (CD64) in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Abstrakt. Gut 1999; 45 (suppl 3): A39.
- 38.
Rook GAW, Stanford JL. Give us this day our daily germs. Immunol Today 1998; 19: 113 – 6.
- 39.
Erb KJ, Holloway JW, Sobeck A, Moll H, Le GG. Infection of mice with Mycobacterium bovis-Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) suppresses allergen-induced airway eosinophilia. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 561 – 9.
- 40.
Schwarze J, Hamelmann E, Bradley KL, Takeda K, Gelfand EW. Respiratory syncytial virus infection results in airway hyperresponsiveness and enhanced airway sensitization to allergen. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 226 – 33.
- 41.
Wang CC, Rook GA. Inhibition of an established allergic response to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice by killed Mycobacterium vaccae. Immunology 1998; 93: 307 – 13.
- 42.
von Reyn CF, Arbeit RD, Yeaman G, Waddell RD, Marsh BJ, Morin P et al. Immunization of healthy adult subjects in the United States with inactivated Mycobacterium vaccae administered in a three-dose series. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 843 – 8.
- 43.
Hopkin JM, Shaldon S, Ferry B, Coull P, Antrobus P, Enomoto T et al. Mycobacterial immunisation in grass pollen asthma and rhinitis. Abstrakt. Thorax 1998; 53 (suppl 4): A16.
()