Hovedbudskap
Rene zopiklon- og zolpidemforgiftninger er normalt lite alvorlige
Pasienter forgiftet med zopiklon, zolpidem og zaleplon bør behandles på samme måte som pasienter forgiftet med benzodiazepiner
Antidoten flumazenil reverserer toksiske symptomer ved zopiklon- og zolpidemforgiftninger, men skal ikke brukes som rutinepreparat ved disse forgiftningene
- 1.
Legemiddelforbruket i Norge 1997 – 2001. København: WHO Collaborating centre for drug statistics methodology, 1997.
- 2.
Product information: Ambien®, zolpidem tartrate. Chicago: GD Searle & Co, 1993.
- 3.
Langtry HD, Benfield P. Zolpidem. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. Drugs 1990; 40: 291 – 313.
- 4.
Garnier R, Guerault E, Muzard D, Azoyan P, Chaumet-Riffaud A, Efthymiou M. Acute zolpidem poisoning – analysis of 344 cases. Clin Toxicol 1994; 32: 391 – 404.
- 5.
Mitler MM. Nonselective and selective benzodiazepine reseptor agonists – where are we today. Sleep 2000; 23: 39 – 47.
- 6.
Bramness JG, Arnestad M, Karinen R, Hilberg T. Fatal overdose of zopiclone in an elderly woman with bronchogenic carcinoma. J Forensic Sci 2001; 46: 1247 – 9.
- 7.
Cavallaro R, Regazzetti MG, Covelli G, Smeraldi E. Tolerance and withdrawal with zolpidem. Lancet 1993; 342: 374 – 5.
- 8.
Jones IR, Sullivan G. Physical dependence on zopiclone: case reports. BMJ 1998; 316: 117.
- 9.
McMahon LR, Gerak LR, Carter L, Ma C, Cook JM, France CP. Discriminative stimulus effects of benzodiazepine (BZ) (1) receptor-selective ligands in rhesus monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300: 505 – 12.
- 10.
Mathieu-Nolf M, Babe MA, Coquelle-Couplet V, Billaut C, Nisse P, Mathieu D. Flumazenil use in an emergency department: a survey. Clin Toxicol 2001; 39: 15 – 20.
- 11.
Weinbroum AA, Flaishon R, Sorkine P, Szold O, Rudick V. A risk-benefit assessment of flumazenil in the management of benzodiazepine overdose. Drug Safety 1997; 17: 181 – 96.