- 1.
Falkow S. Invasion and intracellular sorting of bacteria: searching for bacterial genes expressed during host/pathogen interactions. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 239 – 43.
- 2.
Diamond J. I. Guns, germs, and steel. New York: Norton, 1997: 207.
- 3.
Falkow S. What is a pathogen? ASM News 1997; 63: 359 – 65.
- 4.
Diamond J. I. Guns, germs, and steel. New York: Norton, 1997: 205.
- 5.
Salyers AA, Whitt DD. Bacterial pathogenesis: a molecular approach. Washington D.C.: ASM Press, 1994: 8 – 12.
- 6.
Sørensen M, Sørensen SPL. The protein in whey. CR Trav Lab Carlsberg 1939; 23: 55 – 99.
- 7.
Vorland LH. Lactoferrin: a multifunctional glycoprotein. APMIS 1999; 107: 971 – 81.
- 8.
Salyers AA, Whitt DD. Bacterial pathogenesis: a molecular approach. Washington DC.: ASM Press, 1994: 17 – 9.
- 9.
Lichtenstein AK, Ganz T, Selsted ME, Lehrer RI. Synergistic cytolysis mediated by hydrogen peroxide combined with peptide defensins. Cell Immun 1988; 114: 104 – 16.
- 10.
Nicod LP. Pulmonary defence mechanisms. Respiration 1999; 66: 2 – 11.
- 11.
Schaible UE, Sturgill-Koszycki S, Schlesinger PH, Russel DG. Cytokine activation leads to acidification and increases maturation of Mycobacterium avium-containing phagosomes in murine macrophages. J Immunol 1998; 160: 1290 – 6.
- 12.
Nathan C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: what difference does it make? J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2417 – 23.
- 13.
Shiloh MU, MacMicking JD, Nicholson S, Brause JE, Potter S, Marino M et al. Phenotype of mice and macrophages deficient in both phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Immunity 1999; 10: 29 – 38.
- 14.
Smith H. State and future of studies on bacterial pathogenicity: impact of new methods of studying bacterial behavior in vivo. I: Brogden KA, Roth JA, Stanton TB, Bolin CA, Minion FC, Wannemuehler MJ, red. Virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. Washington D.C.: ASM Press, 2000: 265 – 82.
- 15.
Pappenheimer AM jr. The story of a toxic protein, 1888 – 1992. Protein Sci 1993; 2: 292 – 8.
- 16.
Choe S, Bennett MJ, Fujii G, Curmi PM, Kantardjieff KA. Collier RJ et al. The crystal structure of diphteria toxin. Nature 1992; 357: 216 – 22.
- 17.
Schiavo G, Benfenati B, Rossetto O, Polverino de Laureto P, DasGupta BR, Montecucco C. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 1992; 359: 832 – 5.
- 18.
Andrews NW, Portnoy DA. Cytolysins from intracellular pathogens. Trends Microbiol 1994; 2: 261 – 3.
- 19.
Ladant D, Ullmann A. Adenylate cyclase: a toxin with multiple talents. Trends Microbiol 1999; 7: 172 – 6.
- 20.
Leppla SH. Bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with eukaryotic cells. Adv Cyclic Nucl Prot Phosphor Res 1984; 17: 189 – 98.
- 21.
Yahr TL, Vallis AJ, Hancock MK, Barbieri JT, Frank DW. ExoY, an adenylate cyclase secreted by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 13899 – 904.
- 22.
Savarino SJ, Fasano A, Watson J, Martin BM, Levine M, Guandalini S et al. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heatstable enterotoxin 1 represents another subfamily of E. coli heat-stable toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 3093 – 7.
- 23.
Reinholdt J, Kilian M. Comparative analysis of immunoglobulin A1 protease activity among bacteria representing different genera, species, and strains. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 4452 – 59.
- 24.
Klauser T, Pohlner J, Meyer TF. The secretion pathway of IgA protease-type proteins in gram-negative bacteria. Bioessays 1993; 15: 799 – 805.
- 25.
Falzano L, Fiorentini C, Boquet P, Donelli G. Interaction of Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) with cultured cells. Cytotechnology 1993; 11 (suppl): 56 – 8.
- 26.
Just I, Wilm M, Selzer J, Rex G, von Eichel-Streiber C, Mann M et al. The enterotoxin from Clostridium difficile (ToxA) monoglucosylates the Rho protein. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 13932 – 6.
- 27.
Fields BA, Malchiodi EL, Li H, Ysern X, Stauffacher CV, Sclievert PM et al. Crystal structure of a T-cell receptor beta-chain complexed with a superantigen. Nature 1996; 384: 188 – 92.
- 28.
Sandros J, Tuomanen E. Attachment factors of Bordetella pertussis mimicry of eukaryotic cell recognition molecules. Trends Microbiol 1993; 1: 192 – 6.
- 29.
Hanski E, Horwitz PA, Caparon MG. Expression of protein F, the fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus pyogenes JRS4, in heterologous streptococcal and enterococcal strains promotes their adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 5119 – 25.
- 30.
Patti JM, Allen BL, McGavin MJ, Hook M. MSCRAMM-mediated adherence of microorganisms to host tissues. Annu Rev Microbiol 1994; 48: 585 – 617.
- 31.
Rao SP, Ogata K, Catanzaro A. Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare binds to the integrin receptor alpha v beta 3 on human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 663 – 70.
- 32.
Schorey JS, Holsti MA, Ratliff TL, Allen PM, Brown EJ. Characterization of the fibronectin-attachment protein of Mycobacterium avium reveals a fibronectin-binding motif conserved among mycobacteria. Mol Microbiol 1996; 21: 321 – 9.
- 33.
Schorey JS, Li Q, McCourt DW, Bong-Mastek M, Clark-Curtiss JE, Ratliff TL et al. A Mycobacterium leprae gene encoding a fibronectin binding protein is used for efficient invasion of epithelial cells and Schwann cells. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 2652 – 7.
- 34.
Kolenbrander PE. Surface recognition among oral bacteria: multigeneric coaggregations and their mediators. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol 1989; 17: 137 – 59.
- 35.
Kolenbrander PE, London J. Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 3247 – 52.
- 36.
Whittaker CJ, Klier CM, Kolenbrander PE. Mechanisms of adhesion by oral bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996; 50: 513 – 53.
- 37.
Breznak JA, Pankratz HS. In situ morphology of the gut microbiota of woodeating termites [Reticulitermes flavipes(Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki]. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 33: 406 – 26.
- 38.
Vandevoorde L, Christiaens H, Verstraete W. Prevalence of coaggregation reactions among chicken lactobacilli. J Appl Bacteriol 1992; 72: 214 – 9.
- 39.
Rosenshine I, Donnenberg MS, Kaper JB, Finlay BB. Signal transduction between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and epithelial cells: EPEC induces tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins to initiate cytoskeletal rearrangement and bacterial uptake. EMBO J 1992; 11: 3551 – 60.
- 40.
Rosenshine I, Ruschkowski S, Stein M, Reinscheid DJ, Mills SD, Finlay BB. A pathogenic bacterium triggers epithelial signals to form a functional bacterial rceptor that mediates actin pseudopod formation. EMBO J 1996; 15: 2613 – 24.
- 41.
Cundell DR, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Idanpaan-Heikkila I, Tuomanen EI. Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor. Nature 1995; 377: 435 – 8.
- 42.
Coburn J, Leong JM, Erban JK. Integrin alpha IIb beta 3 mediates binding of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi to human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 7059 – 63.
- 43.
Hackstadt T, Williams JC. Biochemical stratagem for obligate parasitism of eukaryotic cells by Coxiella burnetii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 3240 – 4.
- 44.
Rathman M, Sjaastad MD, Falkow S. Acidification of phagosomes containing Salmonella typhimurium in murine macrophages. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 2765 – 73.
- 45.
Abshire KZ, Neidhardt FC. Growth rate paradox of Salmonella typhimurium within host macrophages. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 3744 – 8.
- 46.
de Chastellier C, Lang T, Thilo L. Phagocytic processing of the macrophage endoparasite, Mycobacterium avium, in comparison to phagosomes which contain Bacillus subtilis or latex beads. Eur J Cell Biol 1995; 68: 167 – 82.
- 47.
Clemens DL. Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome. Trends Microbiol 1996; 4: 113 – 8.
- 48.
Horwitz MA. Phagocytosis of the Legionnaires disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophilia) occurs by a novel mechanism: engulfment within a pseudopod coil. Cell 1984; 36: 27 – 33.
- 49.
Horwitz MA, Maxfield FR. Legionella pneumophilia inhibits acidification of its phagosome in human monocytes. J Cell Biol 1984; 99: 1936 – 43.
- 50.
Bannantine JP, Rockey DD, Hackstadt T. Tandem genes of Chlamydia psittaci that encode proteins localized to the inclusion membrane. Mol Microbiol 1998; 28: 1017 – 26.
- 51.
Gaydos CA, Summersgill JT, Sahney NN, Ramirez JA, Quinn TC. Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro in human macrophages, endothelial cells, and aortic artery smooth muscle cells. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 1614 – 20.
- 52.
Hackstadt T. The diverse habitats of obligate intracellular parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 1998; 1: 82 – 7.
- 53.
Cossart P. Interactions of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes with mammalian cells: bacterial factors, cellular ligands, and signaling. Folia Microbiol 1998; 43: 291 – 303.
- 54.
Dramsi S, Cossart P. Intracellular pathogens and the actin cytoskeleton. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1998; 14: 137 – 66.
- 55.
Goldfine H, Bannam T, Johnston NC, Zuckert WR. Bacterial phospholipases and intracellular growth: the two distinct phospholipases C of Listeria monocytogenes. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser 1998; 27 (suppl): 7 – 14.
- 56.
Barzu S, Benjelloun-Touimi Z, Phalipon A, Sansonetti P, Parsot C. Functional analysis of the Shigella flexneri IpaC invasin by insertional mutagenesis. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 1599 – 605.
- 57.
Menard R, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. Nonpolar mutagenesis of the ipa genes defines IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD as effectors of Shigella flexneri entry into epithelial cells. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 5899 – 906.
- 58.
Finlay BB, Falkow S. Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61: 136 – 69.
- 59.
Cornelissen CN, Sparling PF. Iron piracy: acquisition of transferrin-bound iron by bacterial pathogens. Mol Microbiol 1994; 14: 843 – 50.
- 60.
Sherburne R, Taylor DE. Helicobacter pylori expresses a complex surface carbohydrate, Lewis X. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 4564 – 8.
- 61.
Angel CS, Ruzek M, Hostetter MK. Degradation of C3 by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 600 – 8.
- 62.
Hobbs M, Mattick JS. Common components in the assembly of type 4 fimbriae, DNA transfer systems, filamentous phage and protein-secretion apparatus: a general system for the formation of surface-associated protein complexes. Mol Microbiol 1993; 10: 233 – 43.
- 63.
Cover TL, Tummuru MK, Cao P, Thompson SA, Blaser MJ. Divergence of genetic sequences for the vacuolating cytotoxin among Helicobacter pylori strains. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 10566 – 73.
- 64.
Cover TL. The vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 1996; 20: 241 – 6.
- 65.
Gaillard JL, Jaubert F, Berche P. The inlAB locus mediates the entry of Listeria monocytogenes into hepatocytes in vivo. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 359 – 69.
- 66.
Foubister V, Rosenshine I, Donnenberg MS, Finlay BB. The eaeB gene of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is necessary for signal transduction in epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 3038 – 40.
- 67.
Balcewicz-Sablinska MK, Keane J, Kornfeld H, Remold HG. Pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades apoptosis of host macrophages by release of TNF-R2, resulting in inactivation of TNF-alpha. J Immunol 1998; 161: 2636 – 41.
- 68.
Durrbaum-Landmann I, Gercken J, Flad HD, Ernst M. Effect of in vitro infection of human monocytes with low numbers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria on monocyte apoptosis. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 5384 – 9.
- 69.
Kremer L, Estaquier J, Brandt E, Ameisen JC, Locht C. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin infection prevents apoptosis of resting human monocytes. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27: 2450 – 6.
- 70.
Mangan DF, Wahl SM, Sultzer BM, Mergenhagen SE. Stimulation of human monocytes by endotoxin-associated protein: inhibition of programmed cell death (apoptosis) and potential significance in adjuvanticity. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 1684 – 6.
- 71.
Heithoff DM, Conner CP, Hanna PC, Julio SM, Henschel U, Mahan MJ. Bacterial infection assessed by in vivo gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 934 – 9.
- 72.
Heithoff DM, Conner CP, Mahan MJ. Dissecting the pathology of a pathogen during infection. Trends Microbiol 1997; 5: 509 – 13.
- 73.
Gross R. Signal transduction and virulence regulation in human and animal pathogens. FEMS Microobiol Rev 1993; 10: 301 – 26.
- 74.
Sakai T, Sasakawa C, Yoshikawa M. Expression of four virulence antigens og Shigella flexneri is positively regulated at the transcriptional level by the 30 kiloDalton virF protein. Mol Microbiol 1988; 2: 589 – 97.
- 75.
Caldwell AL, Gulig PA. The Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid encodes a positive regulator of a plasmid-encoded virulence gene. J Bacteriol 1991; 173: 7176 – 85.
- 76.
Litwin CM, Calderwood SB. Role of iron in regulation of virulence genes. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 137 – 49.
- 77.
Parsot C, Mekalanos JJ. Expression of ToxR, the transcriptional activator of the virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae, is modulated by the heat shock response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 9898 – 902.
- 78.
Passador L, Cook JM, Gambello MJ, Rust L, Iglewski BH. Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes requires cell-to-cell communication. Science 1993; 260: 1127 – 30.
- 79.
Davies DG, Parsek MR, Pearson JP, Iglewski BH, Costerton JW, Greenberg EP. The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of bacterial biofilm. Science 1998; 280: 295 – 8.
- 80.
Petterson J, Nordfelth R, Dubinina E, Berman T, Gustafsson M, Magnusson KE et al. Modulation of virulence factor expression by pathogen target cell contact. Science 1996; 273: 1231 – 3.
- 81.
Dreiseikelmann B. Translocation of DNA across bacterial membranes. Microbiol Rev 1994; 58: 293 – 316.
- 82.
Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W. Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment. Microbiol Rev 1994; 58: 563 – 602.
- 83.
Solomon JM, Grossman AD. Whos competent and when: regulation of natural genetic competence in bacteria. Trends Genet 1996; 12: 150 – 5.
- 84.
Blum G, Ott M, Lischewski A, Ritter A, Imrich H, Tschape H et al. Excision of large DNA regions termed pathogenicity islands from tRNA-specific loci in the chromosome of an Escherichia coli wild-type pathogen. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 606 – 14.
- 85.
Lee CA. Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of bacterial pathogens. Infect Agents Dis 1996; 5: 1 – 7.
- 86.
Blum G, Falbo V, Caprioli A, Hacker J. Gene clusters encoding the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1, Prs-fimbiae and alpha-hemolysin form the pathogenicity island II of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain J96. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 126: 189 – 95.
- 87.
Mills DM, Bajaj V, Lee CA. A 40 kb chromosomal fragment encoding Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes is absent from the corresponding region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15: 749 – 59.
- 88.
Mecsas J, Strauss EJ. Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence: type III secretion and pathogenicity islands. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2: 271 – 88.
()
Denne artikkelen ble publisert for mer enn 12 måneder siden, og vi har derfor stengt for nye kommentarer.