- 1.
Braunwald E. Pathophysiology of heart failure. I: Braunwald E, red. Heart disease. 5. utg. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1997: 413 – 4.
- 2.
An overview of current management of heart failure. Guidelines: the treatment of heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 736 – 53.
- 3.
Creager MA, Faxon DP, Weiner DA, Ryan TJ. Haemodynamic and neurohumoral response to exercise in patients with congestive heart failure treated with captopril. Br Heart J 1985; 53: 431 – 5.
- 4.
Cleland J, Dargie H, Ball S, Gillen G, Hodsman GP, Morton JJ et al. Effects of enalapril in heart failure: a double-blind study of effects on exercise performance, renal function, hormones and metabolic state. Br Heart J 1985; 54: 305 – 12.
- 5.
Cohn J, Johnson M, Zeische S, Cobb F, Francis G, Tristani F et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbid dinitrite in the treatment of congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 303 – 10.
- 6.
Drexler H, Banhardt U, Meinertz T, Wollschlager H, Lehmann M, Just H. Contrasting peripheral short-term and long-term effects of converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1989; 79: 491 – 502.
- 7.
The SOLVD investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293 – 302.
- 8.
The CONSENSUS trial study group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429 – 35.
- 9.
The SOLVD investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685 – 91.
- 10.
Bonarjee VVS, Carstensen S, Caidahl K, Nilsen DWT, Edner M, Berning J. Attenuation of left ventricular dilatation after acute myocardial infarction by early initiation of enalapril therapy. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 1004 – 9.
- 11.
Pfeffer M, Braunwald E, Moy‘ LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Cuddy TE et al on behalf the SAVE investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669 – 77.
- 12.
Skidgel RA, Erdos EG. The broad substrate specificity of human angiotensin I converting enzyme. Clin Exp Hypertens 1987; 9: 243 – 59.
- 13.
Kon V, Fogo A, Ichikawa I. Bradykinin causes selektiv efferent arteriolar dilatation during angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 545 – 50.
- 14.
Urata H, Hoffmann S, Ganten D. Tissue angiotensin II system in the human heart. Eur Heart J 1994; 15 (suppl D): 68 – 78.
- 15.
Sawa H, Tojkuchi F, Mochizuki N, Endo Y, Furuta Y, Shinohara T et al. Expression of the angiotensinogen gene and localization of its protein in the human heart. Circulation 1992; 86: 136 – 46.
- 16.
Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW, Bumpus FM, Hsain A. Angiotensin II-forming pathways in normal and failing human hearts. Circ Res 1990; 66: 883 – 90.
- 17.
Weber KT. Extracellular matrix remodeling in heart failure. A role for de novo angiotensin II generation. Circulation 1997; 96: 4065 – 82.
- 18.
Van Kats JP, Danser J, Van Meegen JR, Sassen LMA, Verdouw PD, Schalekamp MADH. Angioten production by the heart. A quantitative study in pigs with the use of radiolabeled angiotensin infusions. Circulation 1998; 98: 73 – 81.
- 19.
Rahleb NE, Rouissi N, Nantel F, D"Orleans-Juste P, Regoli D. DUP 753 is a specific antagonist for the angiotensin receptor. Hypertension 1991; 17: 480 – 4.
- 20.
Asano K, Dutcher DL, Port JD, Minobe WA, Tremmel KD, Roden RL et al. Selective down regulation of the angiotensin II AT1-receptor subtype in failing human ventricular myocardium. Circulation 1997; 95: 1193 – 200.
- 21.
Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Ohkubo N, Mori Y, Nozawa Y, Murasawa S et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor is upregulated in human heart with interstitial fibrosis, and cardiac fibroblasts are the major cell type for its expression. Cir Res 1998; 83: 1035 – 46.
- 22.
Bartunek J, Weinberg EO, Tajima M, Rohrbach S, Lorell BH. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor blockade amplifies the early signals of cardiac growth response to angiotensin II in hypertrophied hearts. Circulation 1999; 99: 22 – 5.
- 23.
Belcher G, Hubner R, George M, Elmfeldt D, Lunde H. Candesartan cilexetil: safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers and patients with hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11 (suppl 2): 85 – 9.
- 24.
Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS. Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 793 – 5.
- 25.
Benz J, Oshrain C, Henry D, Avery C, Chiang YT, Gatlin M. Valsartan, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist: a double-blind study comparing the incidence of cough with lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 37: 101 – 7.
- 26.
Gottleib SS, Dickstein K, Fleck E, Kostis J, Levine TB, LeJemtel T et al. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of the angiotensin II antagonist losartan in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1993; 88: 1602 – 9.
- 27.
Crozier I, Ikram H, Awan N, Cleland J, Stephen N, Dickstein K et al. Losartan in heart failure: hemodynamic effects and tolerability. Circulation 1995; 91: 691 – 7.
- 28.
Dickstein K, Chang P, Willenheimer R, Haunse S, Remes J, Hall C et al. Comparison of the effects of losartan and enalapril on clinical status and exercise performance in patients with moderate or severe heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 23: 438 – 44.
- 29.
Klinger G, Jaramillo N, Ikram H, Higginbotham R, Lang D, Kraus L et al. Effects of losartan on exercise capacity, morbidity and mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29 (suppl A): 205.
- 30.
Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez F, Meurers G, Cowley AJ, Thomas I et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of losartan in the elderly study, ELITE). Lancet 1997; 349: 747 – 52.
- 31.
Hamroff G, Blaufarb I, Mancini D, Katz SD, Bijou R, Jondeau G et al. Angiotensin II-receptor blockade further reduces afterload safely in patients maximally treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997; 30: 533 – 6.
- 32.
Hamroff G, Katz SD, Mancini D, Blaufarb I, Bijou R, Patel R et al. Addition of angiotensin receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 1999; 99: 990 – 2.
- 33.
Ysuf S, Maggioni AP, Held P, Rouleau JL. Effects of candesartan, enalapril or their combination on exercise capacity, ventricular function, clinical deterioration and quality of lifein heart failure: Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD). Circulation 1997; 96 (suppl I): 452.
- 34.
Riegger GAJ, Bouzo H, Petr P, Munz J, Spacek R, Pethig H et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance and symptoms of congestive heart failure during treatment with candesartan cilexetil. Circulation 1999; 100: 2224 – 30.
- 35.
Pitt B, Poole-Wilson P, Segal R, Martinez FA, Dickstein K, Camm AJ et al. Effects of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of patients in the losartan heart failure survival study – ELITE II. J Card Fail 1999; 5: 146 – 54.
- 36.
Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Glazer RD, Spormann D, Hester A. Rationale and design of the valsartan heart failure trial: a large multinational trial to assess the effects of valsartan, an angiotensin-receptor blocker, on morbidity and mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 1999; 5: 155 – 60.
- 37.
Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Comparison of the effects of losartan and captopril on mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL trial design. Optimal Therapy in Myocardial Infarction with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 477 – 81.
()